5 

34.68 /t: 

GUL 30 
Bulletin No. 30 MOM LEIGHTOD April 18, 1922. 


COMPIONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA 


DEPARTMENT OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS 
James P, Vloodward, Secretary 


BUREAU OF TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
George H. Ashley, State Geologist 








COAL BEDS IN ALLEGHENY COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA 


BY 
Je De Sisler 


Introduction, 


The earliest record of bituminous coal mining in Pennsylvania 
iS 1760, when, according to-Captain Thomas Hutchins, 2 coal mine was — 
opened on Monongahela River, opposite Fort Pitt, now Pittsburgh, 
From that date production grew, and Allegheny County was the largest 
producer of bituminous coal in Pennsylvania for many years. At the 
present time, the largest factor in that production, the Pittsburgh 
coal, is rapidly approaching exhaustion in Allegheny County, However, 
the county has a-large reserve of "Thick Freeport" coal, and the 
Kittanning coals, which have hardly been touched, 


In 1918 Allegheny County stood fifth in Pennsylvania as a 
bituminous: coal producer, being excelled by Payette, Westmoreland, 
Washington, and Cambria counties. The county produced 17,375,035 
tons of coal, valued at #42 890,485, and distributed as follows: 
15,847 ,003 tons, valued at 439 382,625 loaded at the mines for ship- 
ment; 1,230,084 tons, valued at $2,921,199 sold to local trade and 
used“by employees; 296,970 tons used at the mines for steam and 
heat, valued at $584,994; 978 tons, valued at $1,467 made into coke 
at the mines, : 


There are about thirty coal beds in the county, most of which 
are only a few inches thick, The Pittsburgh and the "Thick Freeport” 
beds are-the most valuable at the present time. The Sewickley, 
Redstone, and Kittanning coals are locally workable, The others are 
thin and only locally valuable at present. | 


Allegheny County is in the southwestern part of the State. It 
is bounded on the north by Butler County, on the east and southeast 











































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by Westmoreland County, on the south and southwest by Washington 
County, and on the northwest by’Beaver County. Its greatest width 
from north to south is 33 miles, and from east to west 34,.5-miles,. 
Its area is 746 square miles. Its population in 1920 was 1,185,808, 
one~half of-which is in Pittsburgh, With the exception of Philadél- 
phia County, it is the most thickly populated county in the State, 


Allegheny County has most excellent transportation facilities, 
both by water’and rail. The Allegheny, Monongahela, and Ohio rivers 
are navigable, and railroads radiate from Pittsburgh in all directions, 


* 


Coal was first shipped from Pittsburgh in 1803, when the 
Louisiana was ballasted with coal that was sold at Philadelphia for 
8373 cents per bushel. The great growth of the river coal trade began 
with the completion of the Monongahela Navigation Company's system of 
locks to Brownsville in 1844, Now the Monongahela and Ohio rivers are 
used extensively for transporting coal by barge to the trade centers 
eee the Ohio. This is the cheapest transportation method in the 

ate, 


The wonderful prosperity of Allegheny County as a manufacturing 
center is primarily due to its ideal geographic location, and to the 
acces quantity of high-grade coal easily accessible within a short 

istance, 


Allegheny County, being in a maturely dissected region, is hilly. 
The principal streams have eroded their valleys to a fairly uniform 
grade, and the smaller branches have cut the uplands into hundreds of 
narrow ridges, In areas where heavy sandstones predominate, the hill-~ 
Sides are steep and rugged, but wheré sandstone is the cap rock the 
tops of the hills are broad and flat, The rivers flow in broad flood 
‘plains, and remnants of old valley floors form terraces above them. 


STRUCTURE. 


There are eleven structural features in Allegheny County, each 
having a northeast-southwest trend, and affecting the position and 
mining of the coals. They’are described in order from southesst to 
northwest, 


The Murrysville anticline enters Allegheny County at Lock No, 3 
on Monongahela River, extends northeast, and leaves the county 2bout 
i mile south of Trafford Citys ‘It is 2 well defined fold, having 
rather steep dips on each flank, ond an axis rising rapidly north- 
eastward, This structure is the source of gas in the McKeesport field, 


The Duquesne syncline, lying northwest of the Murrysville anti- 
Cline ; enters the county midway between Peters Creek and Monongahela 
River, and extends northeast through Duquesne and Turtle Creek. It 
is 2 norrow basin having gentle slopes on both flanks, The axis rises 
gently northeastward, 


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enters the county 1,5 miles east of Library, and extends northeast 
to Braddock and Verona. It is 2 well developed fold with rather 
high dips on its flanks in the southern part of the county, but 
flattens out near Monongahela River. 


The MeMurry syncline is the next structure to the northwest. 
It enters Allegheny-County one mile west of Library, extends north- 
east near Broughton, and flattens out near Homestead. It is a pro- 
nounced fold in the southern part of the county, and has steep dips 
on its southeast flank; the dips on its west flank are gentle. The 
axis rises gradually northeastward. 


The Nineveh syncline ond Chartiers Creek cross the county line 


at the same point, near Boyce; The axis runs north to Rosedale, 


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turns east at the County Home, north through Woodville and Heidelberg. 


and passes between Duquesne Heights and West End, thence down the 
Ohio to Bellevue, where as a very minor fold it again turns north- 


east. Its axis pursues an irregular course, has several depressions, 


and rises gently to the northeast. The dips are gentle and regular 
on both flanks, 


The Wildwood anticline lies entirely in Allegheny County. Its 
northern end has not been mapped but the axis passes the mouth of 
North Fork of Pine Creek with a southwest course’and plunge. One 
mile south of Nedsky it turns south for one mile, then almost due 
west. A minor spur shoots off to the southeast along Girty Run. 
The main axis forks in the northwest corner of Ross township. One 
fork of the anticline turns south and crosses Ohio River at Avolon. 
The other with a level crest runs west and south along Toms Run end 
crosses the river at Glenfield where the axis plunges very rapidly 
to the South, and becomes more and more obscure, 


The Mount Nebo synecline, lying northwest of thé Wildwood anti- 
Cline, enters the county from the south at McDonald. It extends in 
an irregularly northeast course to Coraopolis, crosses Ohio River a 
the west end of Neville Island, runs northeast to Nedsky, where it 
turns and runs approximately due north, and leaves the county two 
miles northeast of Brush Creek. The axis ofthe trough rises about 
80 feet in the first-mile north of the river, passes through the 
Mount Nebo oil field, pitches slightly to the bottom of a shallow 
basin 1.5 miles southeast of Ingomar, and from this point rises 
gradually to the north. 


The. Brush Creek anticline is the most prominent'fold in the 


northwestern part of the county. Its southern tip is at Coraopolis, 
from which point it extends in an irregular northesst direction near 


Bayne and Brush Creek, leaving the county one mile-west of Mt. 
Pleasant Church. The axis rises rapidly northeast, and the dips on 
both flanks are steep. 


The Sewickley synecline lies west of the Brush Creek anticline 
and branches off from the Mount Nebo syncline at Coraopolis. It 
passes through Sewickley, and thence north to Sewickley Creek just 
west of-Hopkins Church, It is a prominent and clearly defined 
feature, with the axis rising rapidly northward, 


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The Crows Run anticline lies west of the Sewickley syncline. 
Its southern end is about three miles south of Glenwillard, The 
axis crosses Ohio River at Deadman Island near Leetsdale, and thence 
runs slightly east of north for severnl mites. The dips on both 
flanks are gentle, 


The West Middletowm syncline lies near the western boundary of: 
the county, It enters the county from the south near Murdocksville, 
and leaves it on the north just east of Ambridge, crossing the Ohio 
at Shousetown, It is a well defined trough in Washington County, 
but in Allegheny County is ill-defined. 


3 The Panhandle trench ig 2 peculiar-"swamp" or small structural 
depression between Beadling and Hickman, in the southwestern part 
of the countye 


STRATIGRAPHY. 


‘ The outcropping hard rocks of Allegheny County ore the wWashing- 
ton, Monongehelo, Conemaugh, and Allegheny formations of Carbonifer- 
OUS BEC, : 


Drill holes have reached below the Catskill formation of 
Devonian age, but no workable coal beds were recorded below the 
Allegheny formation. 


The recent river deposits are unconsolidated silts, cays nnd 
gravels deposited on flood plains, 


Glacial deposits on the old river terraces in the northern part’ 
of the county ore compossa of poorly stratified beds of gravel, sand, 
and clay from 26 to 50 feet thick. Most of the pebbles are quartz, 
granite, and sandstone, The Carmichcels formation consisting of | 
clay, sand, and conrse bonlders, is found on terraces along the Ohio 
and its tributary streams, ; 


The Washington formation is present only in a few isolated creas 
in the southern part of the county. It is camposed of soft shaly 
sandstones, shales, a few thin limestones, and two thin coal beds. . 


. The Monongahela formation is present only in the southern part 
of the county. It is composed of sandstones, limestones, Shales, 
and threé workable coal beds, one being the Pittsburgh. The forma- 
tion has an average thickness of 330 feet. | 


The Conemaugh formation has the most extensive outcrop in the 
county, It averages 625 feet thick, and is-composed of grey, red 
and greenish shales, sandstones, limestones, and a number of coal 
beds, some of which sre workable. 


The Allegheny formation has a limited outerop on Allegheny 
River, north of Pittsburgh, It is composed of massive sandstones, 
Shales, thin limestones, and valuable beds of coal and clay. Its 
average thickness is 290 feet, ; 


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COAL BEDS. 


The following table shows the stratigraphic relation of the coal 
beds and their range in thickness. 


Coal Beds in Allegheny County 


Range in 








Average “thickness - 
Name of bed interval of coal beds 
(Waynesburg -----+-+-+-+-+--+--+--- O =~ 30" 
( 90 
(Uniontown - -—- «-j--=|=-=2 s+ e225 = = O = 1% Oo" 
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The greatest coal reserves in Allegheny County are in the 
Allegheny formation, which contains the Kittanning and Freeport 
groups of coal beds. This formation outcrops on Allegheny River 
north of Pittsburgh and on Pine Creek in the north central part of 
the county, but lies deep under the remainder of the county. The 
quality and thickness of its coals are known by private concerns 
that have tested their properties with core drills. Unfortunately 
this Survey does not have much information concerning these records 
and the discussion of these coals will necessarily be limited. It 
is hoped that eventually information will be available so that this 
survey can make a more comprehensive statement concerning these coals, 
It is only by cooperation between private concerns and the State 
eo general knowledge of our mineral resources can be 
advanced, 


Brool:ville and Clarion Coals,’ These coals are known only from 
drill records, They are thin beds, averaging less than 1 foot each, 
and having a local maximum thiclmess of two feet. They are lacking 
‘in large parts of the county, or their horizons are marked by several 
feet of bituminous shale, . 


Kittanning Coals, These beds, lying under deep cover in 
practically all the county, are known only from drill records, They 
are thin wherever they have been identified. The Lower Kittanning 
is the most promising bed, but averages only about 1 foot thick where 
found. locally it is 2 feet 6 inches thick and may be workable. The 
Middle and Upper Kittanning coals are thin and insignificant. 


Upper Freeport Coal. The question as to whether a vhick coal 
at the top of the Allegheny formation in the northeastern part of 
Allegheny County is the Upper Freeport, or a combination of the Uppe: 
and Lower Freeport, has long been discussed by coal men. It is hope 
that the detailed geological work to be done by this Survey in that 
region will solve the problem. For convenience, the "Thick Freeport: 
coal will be discussed here under the heading of Upper Freeport. 


The Upper Freeport coal outcrops in the northeast corner of the 
county on Allegheny River, and in the north-central part of the 
county on Pine Creek, The coal ranges from 2 to 10 fcet thick. 
Where thickest there is commonly 2 feet of cannel coal at the top. 

A Shale and bone parting varying from 14 inches to 2 foet thick is 
usually present in the bed about 2 feet from the top. When this 
parting exceeds 14 inches, the upper bench is not mined, and the 
parting'is left as the roofs Two binders of bony coal are invariably 
present, one about 5 inches, ard the other about 12 inches from the 
bottom, Often the upper binder is used as a floor, and the two thin 
benches of coal underlying it are not mined. 


The area of Thick Freeport coal in Allegheny County is confined 
to the eastern half of Richland township, the northern half of 
Hampton township, all of West Deer township except the northeast 
corner; most of Indiana towship, the eastern half of O'Hara town- 
Ship, all of Harmar and Springdale townships, and the greater part 
of Frazer township; all of Plum township and the northeast part of 
Penn township. The dividing line between the "Thick" and "Thin — 
Preeport" coal in Frazer township runs north 35° W. from Tarentum. 


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The bed is mined extensively at the following points in the 
area; Creighton, Frazer township, drift; Glassmere,-Frazer township, 
Slope, 50 feet; Russeltcon, West Deer township, shaft, 226 feet; north 
of Russelton, shaft, 210 feet; 14 miles south of Culmerville, shaft, 
110 feet; 1 mile west of Culmerville, shaft,’110 feet; Bairdstown, 


- Shaft, 210 feet; Indianola, Indiana-towmship, shaft, 197 feet; 


Harwick, Springdale township, snaft, 220 feet. On the east side of 
Allegheny River in Allegheny County the "Thick Freeport" is mined at 
Renton, Plum township, shaft, 520 feet; ‘Unity, Penn township, shaft, 
298 feet; Barking, Pium township, shaft, 120 feet; Logan's Ferry, 
Shaft, 168 feet. | 


The "Phick Freeport" is a friable coal, composed of alternating 


bright lustrous and dull resinous bands, The lower part of the bed 


is "blocky", the middle part is the "stick" variety, and locally the 
top of the bed is canneloid coal. The coal breals cut in fair sized 
lumps. It averages about 33-per cent volatile matter, 56 per cent 
fixed carbon, 8 per cent ash, and 1.5 per cent sulphur. 


Conemaugh Coals. The Conemaugh formation contains seven or 
more coal beds of irregular occurrence called-in ascending order, 
Mahoning, Brush Creek (Gallitzin), Bakerstown, Harlem, Ducvesne, 


Wellersburg, and Little Clarksburge 


Mahoning Coal, This bed avérages about 8 inches, and has a 
local maximum thiciness of 2 feet. It has never been mined. 


Brush Creek Coal, This bed is persistent, but thin in Alle- 
gheny County, It averages about 1 foot thick where preseit, and has 
a maximum thickness of 2 feet 6 inches, It has been mined in the | 
northern part of the county for house coal, 


Bakerstovwn Coal, The Bakerstown coal received its name from 
Bakerstovm, nichiand township, where the coal is 2 feet 8 inches 
thick, including two thin shale partings. It has been mined for 
house coal in this vicinity. The bed is very lenticular, but will 
average 18 inches thick in the northern part of the county; in the 
Southern part of the county it is very thin or entirely lacking, 


Harlem Coal, This bed is unimportant in the county, having a 
maximum thickness of 2 feet 9 inches, and an average thiclness of 
20 inches. It has not been mined. 


Duquesne Coal. This bed is generally thin, but very persistent 
in Allegheny County. It probably is thickest at Murdocksville, where 
it is over 3 feet. It is an excellent blacksmithing coal and has 
been mined, The bed has been opened east of Perrysville, where the 
coal is reported to he 6 feet thick, 3 feet 4 inches of which is goor 
clean coal, It has also been opened at many places in Franklin and 
Mershall townships, where it ranges from 1 to 5 feet thick, 


Little Clarksburg Coal. This thin but persistent bed averages 
less than 12 incnes but has a maximum thiclmess of 2 feet 6 inches i 
the extreme southwest corner of the county. It is 2 feet thick at 
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Pittsburgh Coal, ~The Pittsburgh coal is the most important 
bed in-Allegheny County, its type locality. Generally the-bed is 
double, consisting of a roof division and a lower division, separated 
by a clay parting 1 inch to 3 feet thick and containing thin bands 
of coal. The roof division ranges from 2 inches to 8 feet thick, 
increasing in thickness northward. Occasionally it is a single 
bench, but commonly it contains two or more benches of coal, 
Separated by clay. The coal of the upper division invariably is 
poor, because of the large percentage of ash. 


The lower division of the Pittsburgh bed is’33 to 9 feet thick, 
and has three persistent shale and bone partings; which divide it 
into four distinct benches, the "upper or breast," the "bearing-in,” 
the "brick," and the "lower bottom” coal. 


‘The “upper" bench averages about 4 feet of good clean "stick" 
coal. Locally it has a thin bone parting. 


The “bearing=in" bench, 2 to 4 inches thick, is separated from 
the other benches by thin bone partings. The coal is soft, and falls 
to slack when mined, . 


The "brick" bench, ranging from a few inches to three feet thick, 
is characterized by cleavage planes which break the coal into brick- 
Shaped blocks. The coal is excellent. 


The “lower bottom" bench is thin and dirty. Locally it is 
worthless, and is left in the mine for bottom. 


The Pittsburgh coal contains 57 to 65 per cent fixed carbon, 
50 to 35 per cent volatile matter, 4 to 14 ver cent ash, and the 
sulphur is usually under 1 per cent, 


Only about 250 acres of Pittsburgh coal remain in Allegheny 
County between Ohio and Allegheny rivers. In that district the 
roof division has a maximum thickness of 6 fect, including partings; 
the main clay averages 8 inches; the lower division averages 5 feet, 
and iS Separated into three benches by very thin partings. 


AN enormous quantity of excellent steam and gas coal has been 
taken from the Pittsburgh bed between Youghiogheny and Allegheny 
rivers, In that district the roof division ranges from a few inches 
to 4 feet thick; the main clay is 12 inches thick. The lower 


division has an average thickness of 5 feet 6 inches, and is divided 
into three benches, 


Between Monongahcla and Youghiogheny rivers the roof division 
averages about 3 feet and is much parted. The main clay is 11 inches 
thick; the lower division averages 6 feet thick, and is divided into 
three benches. ' 


In the are& south of Ohio River ant west of Monongahela river 
the roof division is about 3 feet thick, where present, and has many 
clay partings. However, it has good quality locally, and is mined 


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and shipped. It has also been opened separately in several locali-. 
ties. The main clay averages 2 feet thick. The lower division is 
always over 5 feet thick and is divided by thin partings of clay or 
Shale into four or five benches, In the deepest part of the Pan- 
handle trench between Beadling and Hickman, the Pittsburgh bed was 
over 10 feet thick but thinned rapidly to both sides, 


Redstone Coal, This bed, lying 60 to 70 feet above the 
Pittsburgh coal, is thickest in the Southeastern part of the county, 
and is mined at several localities in Elizabeth, Jefferson, Lincoln 
and Portvue townships. The bed is extrenely irregular, ranging from 


a few inches to 5 feet thick, The coal is clean, but rather high in 
ash and sulphur, 


Sewickley Coal. This coal, lying about 110 feet above the 
Pittsburgh coal, is 3 feet 6 inches thick at South Pittsburgh, where 


it is mined, [t averages less than 6 inches thick in the county. 


The Uniontowm, Waynesburg, i/Jaynesburg "A" and "BY" eocale, and 
the little Washington coals are either too thin or too dirty to have 
commercial value. The Washington bed is locally 8 feet thick, but 
only 3 feet of coal at the bottom of the bed is clean enough to be 


mined. The acreage of this bed is so limited that the qvantity of 
coal is very small. 








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